The History Boys And Educating Rita - 1354 Words

â€Å"The History Boys† and â€Å"Educating Rita† have common themes running through the spine of each text, regarding formal education and learning for self-satisfaction. The History boys tells the story of 8 academic working and middle class boys from a grammar school in Sheffield whom are applying for Oxford and Cambridge university in the 1980’s and are studying intensely to succeed. Their teachers, Hector and Irwin have a conflicting approach to education. Irwin teaches the boys specifically how to pass their exams but contrarily Hector teaching style encourages learning for the purpose of obtaining knowledge. Bennett comments on these differing types of education via the characters of Hector and Irwin. Educating Rita, set also in the 1980’s and located in Northern England is about a woman who enters the world of formal university education as a mature student on an Open University course. She has never had a strict and authentic education as she come s from a working class background, so she wants to prove to herself that she can triumph and live a better life. Both scripts imply that formal education can be obtained, however at the compromise of individual intellectual flare and distinctiveness. Initially in the text, Rita and the group of boys both are unrefined, raw and sincere with their way of viewing and analysing scholarly stimulus. However they both lose this quality as the plays progress due to the education system moulding them to pass exams and not to obtain wisdom.Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing Alan Bennett s The History Boys And Educating Rita2327 Words   |  10 PagesIn this essay I will be analysing how Alan Bennett’s ‘The History Boys’ and ‘Educating Rita’ by Willy Russell investigate the notion that ‘all knowledge is precious whether or not it serves the slightest human use’ along with how they explore the purpose of education. 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Life Insurance and the Role It Plays in Risk Management Assignment

Essays on Life Insurance and the Role It Plays in Risk Management Assignment The paper "Life Insurance and the Role It Plays in Risk Management" is a worthy example of an assignment on finance and accounting. Life insurance is an essential part of financial planning to mitigate the risks of death and the consequential financial difficulties of family members. An insurance company creates the common corpus fund out of the premiums received from subscribers and pays out claims from the same. Different types of policies cater to the specific needs of individuals and the cost/benefit analysis is important before choosing the right type of policy.  Life InsurancePrinciple of life insuranceThe word ‘insurance’ means a provision against risk. Hence, life insurance is a cover for any possible risk of loss of life. By taking a life insurance policy, the insured is transferring the risk of financial loss to which his/her family may be subjected in the event of death, to the insurer. In practical terms, life insurance is a business activity and has three dimensions to it viz., the social, business and legal (Anon, n.d., the americancollege.edu). In social terms, a large number of people pay premiums to create the corpus fund from which the insurance company pays out claim checks; in business terms, the insurance company does not pay anything from its pocket but creates and manages the corpus fund, which is used to cover the management and administrative expenses, payout claims and invest the balance in profitable ventures; in legal terms, the insurance policy is a contract on the basis of agreed terms, between the insurer and the insured to indemnify the insured against financial loss caused by death. Under the contract, the risk is transferred from the insured to the insurer, for the consideration of premiums paid.Why do people buy life insurance?Life insurance is a risk management act (Anon, n.d., americancollege.edu). While death is certain as one age, there is always the risk of a person dying before accumulating enough wealth t o take care of his/her obligations including the financial security of the family. In the normal course, the person would have planned to discharge the obligations from out of his earnings, investments, and savings. If the person’s life is cut short for any unexpected reason, the financial burden of obligations like mortgage payments, children’s education, healthcare and retirement expenses, etc. would shift to the rest of the family members, who may not be in a position to honor/bear them. Hence, people buy life insurance to at least partly mitigate such risk.What are the benefits/drawbacks of universal life insurance?Universal life insurance is a policy that provides for life cover and tax-deferred savings facility simultaneously (Sage, n.d, about.com). It is thus a life insurance plan as well as an investment plan. One of the benefits of universal life insurance is that if the policy period is long enough to permit good accumulations in the tax-deferred savings part of the policy, it will not be necessary to pay premiums for the entire policy period. At the same time, for this benefit to accrue one has to have the policy beyond the age of 70 or so at which point in time, most people do not need life insurance at all. While it is possible to access funds from the savings part of the policy to meet any contingency, the corresponding amounts are reduced from the payout to be given to the beneficiary (Anon., 2009, goinsurance.com). Finally, this type of policy may be more expensive than normal term policies.Why would compare only the cost of life insurance coverage not be a completely valid approach to determining the best policy?A person’s insurance needs depend upon several factors such as age, education, nature of employment and related risks, current/potential future earnings, financial needs of the family, etc. With so many variables, it is natural that different insurance products with differing costs are available. Individuals have t o choose such a policy that best fits their life situation and financial planning needs, and consider the costs as secondary. Once a policy type is chosen, then the coverage value can be tailored to be within affordable costs.

Reflective Portfolio and Leadership Critique

Question: Write an essay about the Reflective Portfolio and Leadership Critique. Answer: Reflective Portfolio In order to complete my final project, I have participated in various activities and completed several assignments. I have completed variety of reflective journal entries throughout this period of time. In Unit 1, there are 9 articles have been reviewed. The journal one is develop by David Boud (2001), which helps to promote reflection on experience. The second journal is about the practice of leadership in the messy world of organization developed by Jean-Louis et al. (2010). Third journal is developed by Anca (2015), which is about influence and leadership. In the fourth journal of Unit 1, Boas and Galit (2005) have developed a life-stories approach to authentic leadership development. In the next journal, we have come to know different behavioral model of a leader developed by Angela. The next two journals are developed by Brockbamk (Chapter 3 and 4), which describe about reflective learning. In the next journal developed Georgeet al. (2007), we have come to know about authentic l eadership. From the last journal we come to know about the nature of managerial work. In the Unit 2, the first journal article we have discussed about the impact of leadership style on organization commitment. This journal article is developed by Sabiret al. (2011). In the next stage, we have analyzed the journal article develop by Zhu et al. (2016). This article is about the transmission of Moral Identity and Moral Attentiveness. We have analyzed how to give strength-based feedback from the journal article developed by Gallagher (2007). From another research work developed by Hrams and Roebuck (2010), we have come to understand that teaching is the art and craft of giving and receiving feedback. I have come to understand about five big ideas about leadership strategy form the research work done by Allio (2009). In another research work developed by Jogulu (2010), we have come to know about culturally-linked leadership styles. There are also two another research works have been discussed in Unit 2. One of the research works is developed by Livingston (1969) and anothe r one is developed by Velsor and Leslie (2005). From the research, work developed Livingston (1969) I have come to understand that leaders need to give special attention on employees on the first year because this is the time, when expectations are developed. In the unit 3, the first journal that we have come across is about managerial leadership developed by Yuki (1989). I have come to know about transformational leadership from the journal article developed by Bass and Steidlmeier (1999). In the next journal we came to know about the inside story of a concentration camp. This story was described by a survivor of the concentration camp.From another research work developed by Yukl (1999), we have come to know about conceptual weakness in transformational and charismatic leadership style. In the next stage, we have analyzed the difference between transformational and transactional leadership from the journal developed by Jmaes and Ogbonna (2013). On the contrary, from the journal article developed byPrice (2002), we have to come understand the ethics related with transformational leadership. The next research paper developed by Thomas and Bendoly (2009), we have come to know about the limits to effective leadership style and tactics of the critical incident interventions.Bernnis and Thomas (2002) had developed crucibles of leadership approach. In the last journal of unit 3 is has been discussed how leadership approach can help to bounce back from adverse situations. This journal work is developed by Margolis and Stoltz (2009). The fist article discussed in the unit 4 is about ethical and unethical leadership. This article has been developed by Brown and Mitchell (2010). The next article developed by Collins (2001), which provides the triumph of humility and fierce resolve. The last journal article discussed in unit 4 is developing by Graf and Dick (2011). It helps to analyze the ideals and the counter ideals of leadership values and their impact of followers. In the unit 5, the first journal article helps me to understand the important aspects of a Curriculum vita (CV). It helps me to understand, the major points that need to be considered while developing personal CV. From another journal article developed by Collins (1999), we come to understand about how to turn goals into results. The final journal article of unit 5 developed by Lencioni (2002), we have found that cooperate value statement can do more harm rather than good. This research work helps us to find out ways to solve these problems. From the journal work developed by Boud (2001) it has been found that there are many reason for which we write journals. We can try to capture our feelings, record an event, try to explore our feelings though our writing in journals. There are various reasons for which we use journal articles in our learning reflection. It deepens the quality of learning, in the form of critical thinking. It helps us to understand my own learning processas a learner,. It fosters creative and reflective interaction within a team. There are various occasions have been found where reflection can be implemented. They are such as refection on the anticipation of events, refection in the mindset action and reflection of after events. In the article developed by Jean-Louis et al. (2010), the leadership activity has been examined as a practical exercise that focus on dialectical, situated, collective and dynamic approach. From the research work developed by Anca (2015), I come to understand that leadership i s not only the process of influencing flowers but it also helps to determine the actions in order to achieve goals. It has been found from this research article that after analyzing the essence of leadership, managers always try to develop effective communication system so that organizational objectives can be fulfilled. From the research it has been found that authentic leaders do not fake about their leadership. They do not take the role of leadership or any kind of leadership activity for personal honor, status or personal benefit. They lead the team for conviction to fulfill a mission (Northouse 2014). I have come to understand from the journal developed by Angela that, leadership is the attitude of a person, where that person leads activities towards the common goal. The major difference between mangers and leaders is that manager focus on structure while leaders focus on peoples. As Popper and Mayseless (2013) mentioned that, leaders act as innovators and managers act as administrators. Form the research work developed by Brockbamk, it has been discussed that the structure of an organization needs to encourage learning and need to include openness. I come to understand from this research work that learning needs to be rewarded both financially and socially. From another research work developed by Brockbamk, it has been found that a learner needs to construct their own learning style depending on the social context.From the research work developed George et al. (2007) I have discovered the importance of authentic approach of leadership. I have found form this research work that everyone has the capability empower and inspire others. In order to do that, we must have to devote ourselves to our personal growth and development as an authentic leader. In the unit 2, from the research work developed by Sabir et al. (2011) I have come to understand that presently the workforce of an organization is more educated, aware and knowledgeable. They always expect to have better value from an organization. On the contrary, an organization always wants to better utilize those values to maximize benefits. I have found that, leadership style has impact on the organizational commitment of employees. As Peterson et al. (2012) mentioned that, leadership style can help to change the organizational culture that reflects the employee value in the organization. From the research work developed by Zhu et al. (2016) I have found that moral identity and moral alternativeness of an ethical leader has direct connection with the perception of employees about ethical leadership. As Schalock and Verdugo (2012) stated that moral identity refers to the extent to which peoples believe themselves to be ethical. From the cognitive theory of social learning, I com e to know that primarily ethical leaders influence followers through modeling process. As Schyns and Schilling (2013) mentioned that Behavioral model is one of the most utilized tools of leaders that can help leaders to transit their values, attitudes and behaviors to the team members. From the research work developed by Hrams and Roebuck (2010), it has been found that the method of evaluating the performance of both managers and employees can be referred as feedback. As Daft (2014) mentioned that, the feedback of the workplace must has to be aligned with the workplace behavior with the overall goal of an organization or a team. The research work developed by Allio (2009), it has been found that there are five big ideas related with leadership. They are such as good leaders must have good character. Leaders need to understand that there is no best way to lead. As Du et al. (2013) mentioned that, leaders must need to collaborate with followers. As Johnston and Marshall (2013) mentioned that, leaders are self-made. They need to understand that adaptability make longevity possible. From the research work developed by Livingston, it has been found that special attention must have to be given to employees in the first year, because in this time expectation has been set. Form this research work I come to understand thatone of the major characteristics of good quality leader is the capability to create high performance expectations that the team members are able to fulfill (Singh 2013). Managers and leaders who are not able to develop such kind of expectations are not being able to motivate their employees. Hence, consequently productivity of the team often hampers. As Tannenbaum et al. (2013) stated that, if managers have low expectation form the subordinates, then they cannot avoid the flow of depressing cycle within the team by just merely hiding the feelings from the subordinates. If leaders have low expectation from the followers, it becomes virtually impossible for the team to perform well. If managers have low expectation, then subordinates eventually get influenced by it, as negative messages are communicated within the team unintentionally, without any conscious intention (Van Knippenberg and Sitkin 2013). In unit 3, I have come to know about different leadership approach from the journal developed by Yukl. They are such as power-influence approach, behavior approach, trait approach and situational approach. There are various leadership theories such as situational leadership theory, leader substitute theory and normative decision theory helps me to understand that no individual approach is suitable for business operation of an organization. Depending on the situation and type of work, a leader needs to change the leadership approach (Von Krogh et al. 2012). However, the research work developed by Bass and Steidlmeier (1999), has given rise to conflicts related with ethics, characteristics and authenticity of transformational leadership behaviors. In unit 4, from the research work developed by Brown and Mitchell (2010), I come to know that there are three emerging trends that can be related with ethical leadership. They are such as identification, congruence and emotions. There are theories discussed in this research work that helps me to understand the impact of ethical leadership. From the social exchange theory, I come to understand that individuals are obliged to show ethical behavior if they believe another person has been fair or ethical to them. As Yukl (2012) mentioned that ethical behavior of a leader can influence team members and refrain them destructive behavior. From another research work developed by Collins, I come to know about the level 5 hierarchy of leadership. Level 1 is recognized as highly capable individuals, level 2 is contributing team members, level 3 is component managers, level 4 is effective leader and level 5 is executive (Dyer 2013). From another research work developed by Rolf Van Dick (2011), I come to understand that both negative and positive value orientations exhibits great amount of impact on individual responses towards the leaders. I have come to understand about the importance of career improvement plan, form the learning activity done in unit 4. From the first journal article of unit 5, I have come to know about the important content of a Curriculum Vitae (CV). In order to write a personal CV, it is required to adopt positive language and adopt confident tone. I need to provide evidence of the skills I have acquired from various jobs. As Aryee et al. (2012) mentioned that, the major sections of a CV are like personal details, career profile, education qualification and work experience. There are some additional skills such as foreign languages; computing skills and keyboard skills need to be added in the CV. Before submitting a CV for a job, I need to check that whether my CV matches the job description or not. From the second journal article developed by Collins (1999), I have come to understand about how to turn goals into results. I have come to know that, if a person wants to transform a companys goals in to reality, it is required to introduce new managerial device, which is simple and effective.From another research work done by Lencioni (2002), I come to understand about different types of organizational values. They are such as integrity, communication, excellence and respect. I have come to understand that developing consensus is about imposing sound beliefs, set of fundamentals on a board of people (Judge and Piccolo 2014). After analyzing all the journal articles, I have come to understand that expectation, attitude and behavior of leaders towards their followers have significant impact on the performance of a team. I have analyzed that, in majority of the cases a significant gap between team members and team leaders is a substantial cause of poor performance. I come to understand that leadership style has huge impact on the organizational commitment. Positive behavior of managers or leader towards their subordinates increases employee engagement within the organization, which will lead to increase commitment of employees. I have also come to understand that depending on the organizational culture, leaders need to change their leadership style. Form this research analysis, I have found that there are mainly two type of leadership approach, which suits my leadership style. They are such as transformational leadership and transactional leadership style. In transactional leadership style, an exchange of relationship occurs between leaders and followers. I believe that, exchange of information can help to conduct a task in appropriate manner. Hence, transactional leadership style suites me well. On the other hand,in transformational leadership, leaders sacrifice their own interest over the group interest. It has been analyzed that a transformational leader has some basic characteristics. They are such as courage, openness, ability of visionary, learning and values. I personally think that, I have all these characteristics of a transformational leader. Hence, I conclude that depending on the situation, I will change my leadership approach from transactional leadership to transformational leadership. Leadership Critique In this section, an essay has been developed in order to summarize the resource of the leadership. As Zhu et al. (2012) mentioned that, leadership is the characteristics of a person or an organization to guide other towards a specific goal. Various viewpoints about leadership has been developed in past which are contrasting to each other. For example, dissimilar approaches of leadership have been taken by different countries of East (Asia) and Waste (Europe). It has been found that in the last decade one of the major contributors of psychology towards business is to determine the key traits for acknowledged leaders (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). Leadership studies have been developed involving situation, trait, power, vision, values, behavior and intelligence of different individuals. There are various leadership theories, concepts and models have been discussed in this section. They are such as situational leadership, transformational leadership and transactional leadership and leadersh ip as personality trait. It has been analyzed in this study that why these theories, models and concepts are important in this field of work. RyamondCattell has developed a personality assessment in 1954 with the help of Leadership potential equation (Spillane 2012). Depending on the equation, military leaders had analyzed the personality traits that potential leaders must possess. The major traits of potential leaders are such as emotional stability, dominance, enthusiasm, self-assurance, compulsiveness and social boldness (Mayer et al. 2012). An active leader must have the capability to tolerate frustration. As Moynihan et al. (2012) mentioned that, leaders must have the psychological maturity to deal with any critical condition. Leaders have to be decisive and competitive, which will help them to overcome obstacles. According to Allison and Goethals (2013), leaders must have to be assertive in their thinking style and as well as in their behavior top handle followers. As leaders have high amount of influence on the followers, they has to be enthusiastic, active, and energetic. As Belbin (2012) mentioned that, leaders mu st have the sense of responsibility. With the increase of competition in the market, it has been becomecrucial to complete a task within time. As Bello (2012) stated that, a responsible manager or leaders always try to influence the followers so that complete the task within given period of time. Good leaders always have to be practical, neutral and fact oriented. All these above discussed factors are the basic traits that a leader must possess. As Cavazotte et al. (2012) mentioned that present day leaders have to possess some other traits to lead followers towards a new direction. As Bryman (2013) opined that, leaders must have the capability to see the future. They must be able to convince the followers about their visions for improvement. With the increase of growth of an organization, it has become perquisite for a leader to work for long hours. They also have travel several hours every day for business purpose. As erne et al. (2013) argued that, these two factors have become major obstacles for a present day leader. Hence, a leader must have to posses high energy level. In the rapid changing world, due to overload of information, it has become impossible for an individual to know everything. For this reason, leaders in present days have to learn to give value to intuition. They need to trust their instinct while taking crucial decisions. In order to conduct a task effectively, leaders have to empower other so that they can take crucial decisions in the absence of the leader. As Chhokar et al. (2013) mentioned that, in order to conduct a project efficiently team leaders need to emphasize on teamwork. An environment needs to be developed within the team so that everyone can express his or her point of view. Lastly, it can be stated that leaders have to be charismatic. As Choudhary et al. (2013) mentioned that, charismatic leaders are able develop strong emotional bonding with the followers. A charismatic leader has the vision to unite the whole group. Charismatic leaders always motivate their followers to achieve organizational objectives, which will ultimately lead them to a brighter future. There is various type of leadership styles exit in present day business. As Galegher et al. (2014) argued that each leadership style has its own advantage and disadvantage. Depending on the culture and working environment of an organization, it is required to find out which leadership style fits best to the organization. As Den Hartog and Belschak (2012) mentioned that, many organizations offer several leadership styles within its working environment. Depending on the significance of the task and departmental needs, leaders have to change their style of leadership. There are mainly five type of leadership styles are used in most of the organizations. They are such as autocratic, servant leadership Laissez-Faire, Participative, Transactional and Transformational (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). With the help of autocratic leadership style leaders take decisions solely. They do not accept input from any other persons. As Garca-Morales (2012) mentioned that, in autocratic leadership style, leaders have the total authority to take decisions and imply their will on the followers. No individual has the authority to challenge the decisions of autocratic leaders. It has been found that organizations of countries such as Cuba and North Korea operate under the autocratic leadership style. As Grant (2012) mentioned that employees who require close supervision become beneficial from autocratic leadership style. Laissez-Faire leadership style is contrasting to autocratic leadership style, which lacks direct supervision and fails to provide regular feedback to the employees under supervision (Honts et al. 2012). Laissez-Faire leadership style can be applicable for highly experienced and trained employees who require little supervision. However, Johnson (2013) argued that, in Laissez-Fai re leadership style managers do not provide any effort for improvement of employees. It increases lack of control, poor production and increasing cost. Robert K. Greenleaf has developed the concept of servant-leadership. As Levin (2012) stated that, in this leadership approach, servant-leaders have to act as servant first. Servant-leaders always have the intention to serve team members and their organizations. Their conscious choice aspire them to lead a team. Servant-type leaders are drastically different from other types of leaders. In all other type of leadership style, highest priority is on task completion. On the other hand, the major priority of servant-leadership is to fulfill the needs and requirements of team members (Mannix et al. 2013). They mainly concentrate on the well-being and growth of employees. While traditional leadership approach focuses on accumulation and exercise of power in order to reach the top of the organization pyramid. In this leadership style, leaders like to share their power with their followers. They put the needs of employees first and help them to improve their performance at maximum level. There is also another leadership style has been used in various organizations, named as participative leadership style. As Metcalf and Benn (2013) mentioned that participative leadership style is also known as democratic leadership style. Participative leadership style can boost up the morale of employees as they can contribute in the decision-making process. As Judge and Piccolo (2014) stated that, when a company tries to employ change within its organizational process, it must implement participative leadership approach. It will help employees to accept changes easily. As Moynihan (2012) argued that, participative leadership style has to face challenges when organizations need to make within a short period. In order to conduct a task effectively, managers often take transactional approach of leadership. Transactional leaders provide rewards and punishment to fellow team members depending on their performance. In this case scenario, managers and leaders have developed predetermined goals for their employees. Employees agree to follow the direction of leaders in order to meet those goals. Managers have the power to review the results of the team members and provide them required trainings so that they can meet the target (Judge and Piccolo 2014). There is another leadership style has been used in various organizations, which is known as transformational leadership style. As Metcalf and Benn (2013) mentioned that transformational leadership style depends highly on effective communication development from management in order to meet the goal. In this leadership style, leaders motivate their team members with the help of high communication and visibility. As Grant (2012) mentioned that, style of leadership requires a high amount of involvement of management so that goals can be met. In this leadership style leaders focus on the larger objective of the organization and hand over smaller tasks to accomplish goals. From the above analysis, it has been understood that with the increase of competition in the market, leaders have to face various critical situations. In order to deal with different critical situations, a person or an organization cannot rely on anyone leadership style. Situational leadership styles seem to be appropriate in this situation (Choudhary et al. 2013). In the 1950s, various management theorists from the Ohio state University had developed a series of research works in order to find out whether leaders should be more relationship or task oriented. It has been found from this research work that no leadership approach is perfectly suitable in one condition. As Singh (2013) mentioned that leaders should change their leadership style in accordance to the situation and influence their followers to do so. This concept has been taken from the Blachard and Hersheys model of Situational leadership. Effective analyses of these leadership theories and practices have major impact on the personal leadership experience. Development of appropriate leadership style helps to deal with different conflicts of an organization. It has been found that appropriate leadership style helps to mitigate leadership style in four major ways. They are such as right timing, knowing the limitations, respecting the differences and effective ways to handle tension (Belbin 2012). It has been found that employees develop unnecessary conflict within organizations, which have impact on the overall organizational performance. Hence, it is the responsibility of the leader to mitigate conflicts. the best time to solve conflict when leaders have enough evidence about the wrongdoings of employees, which affecting their performance. Hence, it has been identified from these theories that leader is the person who talk with employees about their issues and help them to mitigate those issues. Leaders also need to und erstand the limits of their employees. As Van Knippenberg and Sitkin (2013) mentioned that, conflict can become much more complex and uncontrollable if leaders dont understand the boundaries and limitations of their employees. Leaders need to understand the reason behind the issues of the employees. As Singh (2013) stated that, leaders need to identify the behavioral tendencies of team members that trigger their behavioral shift. It also has been analyzed in major cases that lack of self-awareness of employees can give rise to conflicts. Hence, leaders need to arrange appropriate training program so that behavior and communication skills of employees can be improved (Mannix et al. 2013). Leaders need to respect the unique cultural and racial issues of employees. They also need to provide respect and value to the feelings and thoughts of their followers. As Van Knippenberg and Sitkin (2013) mentioned that, leaders should listen to the advice of their team members before taking any crucial decision rather than imposing their influence on employees. Engaging employees more with the decision-making procedure can help to solve conflicts in effective manner. As Choudhary et al. (2013) argued that, most often leaders have to those tasks, that other peoples do not like to do. As a leader, it is required to develop the capability to deal with conflicts. It has been found that the democratic style of leadership has affected my personal leadership style mostly. As Mannix et al. (2013) stated that, democratic leadership style has collegial and very open approach to run a team. In this approach of leadership, the leader discussed about the situation openly with all the team members. Every team member has the authority to give his or her point of view. In the rapidly changing business environment, where a very little factorcan be taken constant, it is tough for a leader to take all the decisions solely. Hence, in order to take right decisions, it has become utterly important for team leaders to take advice from the team members. As Belbin (2012) stated that, in this type of critical condition, team leaders have to think about every option for improvement in order to keep the team fromfalling out of date. With the help of democratic leadership style, a person becomes capable to facilitate conversation and encourage other to share their po int of view. When the condition of an organization changes frequently, this leadership style can offer a great deal of flexibility in order to adopt better ways of doing things. As Mannix et al. (2013) mentioned that democratic leadership style cam bring the best from an experienced and professional team. It can help to capitalize the skills and resources of all the team members, which can be helpful to conduct a job. There are certain fields of works in which democratic leadership style best fits. They are such as education, service industry, consulting firms, advertising and designing industry. As Choudhary et al. (2013) mentioned that, sharing new ides help to maintain creativity in the working environment. It helps to create new designs and concepts. In case of service industry, gathering new ides help to meet the changing customer demands (Bryman 2013). Form various theories related with leadership, it has been analyzed that there are certain ways in which personal leadership style can be improved. They are such as effective communication development, discussing with team members, commitment, respecting idea of others. Development of effective communication system within the organization helps to develop effective flow of information within the team. The leader needs to develop open discussion with the team members. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of the team leader to make sure t hat, the topics of discussion always remain aligned with the objective of the organization. In democratic leadership style, a leader may get confused with the different ideas and suggestions given by team members. It make hard for the team leader to commit for one specific decision (Belbin 2012). However, when the time of action actually arrives, the leaders have to take the decision with conviction. In conclusion, it can be stated that there are various leadership styles such as autocratic leadership, democratic leadership and servant-leadership can be used to conduct a project or task within a given period. All these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the situation, a leader needs to change his or her leadership style. There are some common personality traits have been discussed in this essay, that an active leader must possess. They are such as emotional stability, dominance, enthusiasm, self-assurance, compulsiveness and social boldness. All these personality traits are considered as the basic traits of a great leader. However, with the increase of fluctuation, there are some additional characteristics that a leader of present day must have to poses. A leader needs to take decisions after taking advices from fellow team members. A leader must have the capability to deal with risks while taking decisions. Leader need to respect the ideas given by team members and provide them empowerment so that they can take crucial decisions in the absence of leaders. Finally, the leader needs to take care of the well fare of the fellow team members. Reference list Allison, S. T., and Goethals, G. R. 2013.Heroic leadership: An influence taxonomy of 100 exceptional individuals. Routledge. Aryee, S., Walumbwa, F.O., Zhou, Q. and Hartnell, C.A., 2012. Transformational leadership, innovative behavior, and task performance: Test of mediation and moderation processes.Human Performance,25(1), pp.1-25. Belbin, R. M. 2012.Team roles at work. Routledge. Bello, S. M. 2012. Impact of ethical leadership on employee job performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11). Bryman, A. 2013.Leadership and organizations. Routledge. Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., and Hickmann, M. 2012. Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 443-455. erne, M., Jakli , M., andkerlavaj, M. 2013.Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective.Leadership,9(1), pp.63-85. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7), pp.-56-67. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., and House, R. J. 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., and Zaheer, A. 2013. Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis. Journal of business ethics, 116(2), 433-440. Daft, R. 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Den Hartog, D.N. and Belschak, F.D., 2012. When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(1), pp.194-196. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., and Sen, S. 2013. The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), pp.155-169. Dyer, W., Dyer, J. and Dyer, W. 2013.Team building. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. Galegher, J., Kraut, R. E., and Egido, C. 2014.Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. and Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation.Journal of Business Research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. Garca-Morales, 2012. Importance of Transformational leadership. Journal of Business Research, 65(7), 47-53. Grant, A.M., 2012. Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership.Academy of Management Journal,55(2), pp.458-476. Honts, C., Prewett, M., Rahael, J. and Grossenbacher, M. 2012. The importance of team processes for different team types.Team Performance Management, 18(5/6), pp.312-327. Johnson, C. E. 2013.Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow.Sage Publications. Johnston, M. W., and Marshall, G. W. 2013.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Judge, T.A. and Piccolo, R.F., 2014. Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity.Journal of applied psychology,89(5), p.757-768. Levin, R. 2012. The team-building myth.The Journal of the American Dental Association, 143(6), pp.621-622. Mannix, J., Wilkes, L., and Daly, J. 2013. Attributes of clinical leadership in contemporary nursing: an integrative review.Contemporary nurse,45(1), pp.10-21. Mayer, D.M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R.L. and Kuenzi, M., 2012. Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership.Academy of Management Journal,55(1), pp.151-171. Metcalf, L., and Benn, S. 2013. Leadership for sustainability: An evolution of leadership ability.Journal of Business Ethics,112(3), pp.369-384. Moynihan, D. P., 2012. Impact of transformational leadership. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 2(3), pp.452-459. Moynihan, D.P., Pandey, S.K. and Wright, B.E., 2012. Setting the table: How transformational leadership fosters performance information use.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,22(1), pp.143-164. Northouse, P. G. 2014.Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice: Concepts and Practice.Sage Publications. Peterson, S. J., Galvin, B. M., and Lange, D. 2012. CEO servant leadership: Exploring executive characteristics and firm performance. Personnel Psychology, 65(3), 565-596. Popper, M., and Mayseless, O. 2013. Internal world of transformational leaders.Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition, 5 (2), pp.237-263. Schalock, R. L., and Verdugo, M. A. 2012. A Leadership Guide for Today's Disabilities Organizations: Overcoming Challenges and Making Change Happen. Brookes Publishing Company. pp.212-285. Schyns, B., and Schilling, J. 2013. How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), pp.138-158. Singh, P. 2013. A collegial approach in understanding leadership as a social skill.The International Business and Economics Research Journal,12(5), pp.489-501. Spillane, J.P., 2012.Distributed leadership. John Wiley Sons. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I., and Massarik, F. 2013.Leadership and organization. Routledge. Van Knippenberg, D., and Sitkin, S. B. 2013. A critical assessment of charismatic Transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.1-60. Von Krogh, G., Nonaka, I., and Rechsteiner, L. 2012. Leadership in organizational knowledge creation: a review and framework. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), pp.240-277. Yukl, G. 2012. Effective leadership behavior: What we know and what questions need more attention. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), pp.66-85. Zhu, W., Sosik, J.J., Riggio, R.E. and Yang, B., 2012. Relationships between transformational and active transactional leadership and followers' organizational identification: The role of psychological empowerment.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,13(3), pp.186-189.

Time Essays - Allegory, Siddhartha, Gautama Buddha,

Time Part I: The Tao Of Dani Time is an illusion because there is no real truth to it. It has never been proven to exist. It was made up by the Romans or the Babylonians thousands of years ago so farmers could meet on a hill top at 1 in the afternoon because one farmer's wife had a hair appointment at noon. Human beings have a born inhibition to have things simpler. Human beings also have to have explanations and reasoning. Time was born out of this. The grand old theory that time is a river. The whole river exists at once: the mouth (future), the main body (present), and the source (past). The only truth we have to time is the wear and tear on our bodies as time (sic) goes on. Technically, there is no now and there is no future because now was over a nano-second ago and the future is uncertain (but the end is always near). Which is plain truth because the end is nearer and nearer but you'll never know it. Bang... and everything spurts out from one central point. Flowing, clumping, sparking, rolling across nothing to make something. A few years later, the universe is formed. Things evolve and change and yet everything stays the same. Cells become smart and grow nuclei, which form unicellular organisms, everything feeds off everything else. Things die off, some things live, animals come to be, and all of a sudden you have humans that are just as much fish as they are bacteria as they are stardust. Everything depends on everything else. The universe is me because I am human, thusforth made up of everything and doing my part to keep the world going rather I like it or not. I am the universe because I can almost control what goes on. I am also the universe because I am part of it, we move together, we live together, we love together. This "I am the universe" can also be explained in a sense of which that humans make themselves gods. We don't hug trees, we crap on them. We don't love animals, we butcher them. But we have to do this to survive. Then we ponder meaning lessly at the problems of overpopulation and natural disasters. You are part of natural disasters, like it or not. The distinction between been, being, and becoming is artificial and arbitrary because if time is irrelevant, then you could never have been, or you could never become, you just are. Like the river, you are everything all at once. At any given instance, you bring all your conscious and subconscious knowledge to the table for discussion. All of your past experiences, dreams, realizations, mishaps, good hair days, etc. are with you forever as you go along. You never leave anything behind, therefore you could not possibly have ever been. (This also opens up a discussion about how every nanosecond of your life exists at once; the theory of dimensions.) Everything you are to become is already chosen for you by something called destiny, you just aren't aware of it yet. This is also due to post experiences, etc. The distinction between the three aforementioned is that there is no distinction because of the artificial and arbitrary sense. (If something isn't there, it doesn't exist.) Humans m ake things up to make life easier. They made the theory of been, being, and becoming up to make it easier to convey thoughts. Humans learned to speak to improve their life styles. All the other organisms have been doing just since the big bang, without a spoken or written language. Time is related to the unity of all things in the fact that over "time" the universe has evolved and change to become what it is today. In fact, the universe will still evolve and change until it reaches its limit and begins devolving. The universe is me at this moment because I am here and know that everything around me is due to me. This is just as I am due to everything around me. This is due to "time." I know at this moment, because I am here at this moment, aware at this moment that I am the universe

Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, Free Essays, Term Papers

Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, Free Essays, Term Papers Reconstruction John Paul Figaro History Professor Gary Reconstruction Paper Reconstruction policies proved to be the seeds of failure in American race relations in the 19th century. Reconstruction demanded the Negroes freedom, their civil rights, the opportunity for economic freedom, education and the right to vote. This idea of Negro equality was the most controversial aspect of radical reconstruction, and violence was one of the means used to undermine Reconstruction. Racism and violence have proved to be interrelated factors in American society. In the words of W.E.B. Du Bois The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. The Southern whites ideology expressed certain propositions about the black man in society. The abolition of slavery ended the institution but not the system of beliefs, assumptions, and values they held concerning the Negro. Within the context of this white supremacist ideology, racism flourished. The black man was viewed as being part of a caste system where they were relegated to the bottom of the social classes with no legal status. In the movie The Birth of A Nation the director, D.W. Griffith, interprets the social reality and justifying policies of the Southern white in the 19th century. The tone of the movie infers that blacks are inherently inferior and are incapable of appreciating the freedom given to them. We are introduced to images of the contented slave working complacently in the field, to the freedman who has been corrupted by the Scallywags and Carpetbaggers, to the comic Negro in his clownish clothes, dancing and performing and to the vicious Negro renegade who attacks a white woman. The contrast between the Negro and the Southern white is established not only by characterization but also by southern attitudes and mannerisms. Griffith is re-creating the southern ideal of what it meant to be part of a higher civilization with values and an outlook that shaped the souths history. He pictures the well-dressed southern gentleman and lady, with their genteel manners and refined airs, as having the innate ability to appreciate the cotton flower in contrast to the downtrodden Negro worker in his shabby attire. There are other racist images throughout the movie as we view a changed south, that now has Negro judges and juries and white defendants. We are shown stat e assemblies in which the black men have control and authority but they are portrayed as drunken, shoeless, ignorant buffoons. It is here that we come to understand that new laws will be created to ensure the advancement and equality of the black race. It is suggested that the black man would dare to pass laws that allow intermarriage between whites and blacks. We learn that the Southern girl, Elsie, is outraged when Silas Lynch, a mulatto, dares to propose marriage. Silas Lynch becomes a symbol of his mulatto race. To underscore such absurdity, her father, a black sympathizer, becomes angered when he learns of the proposal thus emphasizing the hypocrisy of the northern views. Racism is again reinforced when Cameron meets Lynch for the first time and Cameron refuses to shake Lynchs hand because Lynch dares to consider himself an equal. There is also a confrontation on the street when a black man refuses to step aside for the white men to pass. Even the old Colonel is arrested and paraded before his former slaves who spit and taunt him. All these images project a South humiliated and degraded by Reconstruction. The Southerner feels degradation over the new order and the new rebellion of the South begins. Within the context of the South, beaten in war, where murder, disorganization and military rule is the new order, violence becomes the answer. Violence was the direct result of the Souths racist attitude and it was an integral part of the Southern landscape. Sympathy is elicited for the Southern white when Piedmont, South Carolina is under attack by a band of Negro militia and northern whites. We see the Negro raiding and burning homes, shooting whites and destroying the town without any just cause. Self-preservation becomes the key to saving themselves and violence becomes the means to their salvation. At the center of the resort to violence was a secret organization which served as a kind of guerrilla force to restore white supremacy. It was known as the Ku Klux Klan or The Invisible Empire of the South. A

Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Example

Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Example Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay I am going to investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year. I chose this hypothesis because it seems to be the most interesting to study. My expected result will be clear and will show a strong relationship between height and weight in year groups and gender. To prove my hypothesis I will use tables such as box and whisker diagrams and use various methods to pick my data randomly to show it doesnt have biased results. I will have to use secondary data the advantages I have are that I will not waste time as I would have if I collected it myself but the disadvantage is that the data might be unreliable. To get the sample of 10% I will have to use random sampling and stratified sampling. 10% of all the data is 118 also I deed a total of 118 students. Yr 7 males 151 1183 x 118 = 15 Yr 7 females 131 1183 x 118 = 13 Yr 8 males 145 1183 x 118 = 14 Yr 8 female 125 1183 x 118 = 12 Yr 9 male 118 1183 x 118 = 12 Yr 9 female 143 1183 x 118 = 14 Year 7 male Year 7 female Year 8 male Year 8 female Year 9 male Year 9 female All years Male and Female Correlation Coefficient My correlation coefficient is 0.525854261 The Main Study My Hypothesis is that boys are taller and heavier then girls and the difference between boys and girls will increase as the students get older. Sampling I have chosen a random sample from 7 of the groups I have picked 30 students from each randomly and my results are as below Years 7 Females Year 7 males Year 8 Females Year 8 Males Year 9 Females Year 9 Males Anomalies To make sure my data is reliable I will test for anomalies to do this I will use the interquartile range and find out if there are any outliers Year 7 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 150 Uq 161.75 Iqr 11.75 The outliers are 138.25 and 179.375 but there are no anomalies in this data Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 40 Uq 48.75 Iqr 8.75 The outliers are 26.875 and 61.875 but there are no anomalies is the data Year 7 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper Quartile) Lq 147 Uq 159.5 Iqr 12.5 The outliers are 134.5 and 172 Weight Lq 39.5 Uq 49.5 Iqr 12.5 The outliers are29.5 and 59.5 Year 8 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 155 Uq 163 Iqr 8 The outliers are 145 and 173 Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45 Uq 52 Iqr 7 The outliers are 36.25 and 60.75 Year 8 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper Quartile) Lq 152 Uq 162 Iqr 15 The outliers are 133.25 and 185.75 Weight Lq 38 Uq 52 Iqr 14 The outliers are 20.5 and 69.5 Year 9 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 153 Uq 162 Iqr 9 The outliers are 141.75 and 173.25 Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45.25 Uq 52 Iqr 6.25 The outliers are 36.8125 and 60.4375 Year 9 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 154.25 Uq 172.5 Iqr 18.25 The outliers are 131. 4375 and 195.3126 but there are no anomalies in this data Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45.5 Uq 60 Iqr 14.5 The outliers are 27.375 and 78.125 but there are no anomalies in this data I will now show a summary table as a way of showing comparisons between gender and year All Years Male Correlation Coefficient Height Mean Height Standard Deviation Weight Median Weight IQR Year 7 0.394972 152.84 8.420776 43 10 Year 8 0.550165 157.50 14.83408 48.5 14 Year 9 0384617 162.97 10.20942 52 14.5 All Years Female Correlation Coefficient Height Mean Height Standard Deviation Weight Median Weight IQR Year 7 0.409882 155.10 8.009786 45 8.75 Year 8 0445067 158.81 9.812498 50 7 Year 9 0.314751 157.7667 8.670576 49 6.75 Conclusion On each scatter graph the correlation shows some good positive correlation these show that my hypothesis may be correct. Also each Scatter graph shows height and weight which was used to compare height and weight with different genders The average correlation of year 7 is 0.402427 this is a very supportive piece of evidence, for year 8 it is 0.420469 and year 9 it is 0.432458 again these both are very supportive of my hypothesis. With this correlation it is even more likely the hypothesis will be correct so I am pleased with theses results The differences between the height and weight of boys and girls are that boys are heavier and taller then girls in all years. As boys and girls get older their weight and height increases but boys still are usually taller and heavier. If I had included the anomalies I think they would have changed the results so I am pleased that I didnt include them T he box and whisker diagrams I have drawn shows the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile and maximum they show visually the height or weight of each year and gender which helps greatly with the comparison The mean and standard deviation shown in the summary tables for height are helpful because the standard deviation looks at how spread a collection of data is and is a way of comparing two sets of data in this case which is height and weight. Mean is when a set of data is added together and subtracted by the number of figures there are. My findings defiantly agree with my hypothesis because of my using the different year groups it only proves that my hypothesis is correct my hypothesis was boys are taller and heavier then girls and the difference between boys and girls will increase as the students get older The reasons why I have my findings is that because I built up on my hypothesis and I got rid of any anomalous data that I had and I made the hypothesis as simple as possible so that the data would be easy for everyone to be able to understand it The exceptions to patterns they are there because there was bound to be patterns within this hypothesis because the data was to show a pattern of height and weight between gender and year. This is because that pattern was one that I was looking for Evaluation My sample was a fair sample because I used random sampling which shows that my results were not based on biased samples random sampling ensures that no biased data would get into my results also the data was representative of the whole year and gender that I was sampling This project I think had quite a few limitation as I was not allowed to use my own data which in my mind would have been more reliable and accurate also there was a limitation to what graphs I could use and how I could represent my data The only problem I faced was getting the data into a type of data I could use that would be relevant to my hypothesis I had to delete several columns and that was at times frustrating especially when I had a couple of times deleted columns I needed. If I could make changes I would have made the change about the data I would have allowed myself to go out and collect my own as I said before this would have been more accurate and reliable. All in all this was an enjoyable piece of coursework with an interesting hypothesis and I have learnt many facts from just studying it and I hope you have agreed with the hypothesis due to my evidence

Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Criminal justice - Essay Example It has often been confused that correctional facilities are intended to punish perpetrators of law. That said, the prison system plays a major role in removing criminals from the street thereby creating a safer haven for its citizens while providing opportunities for criminals to understand their offenses and change for the better. The rate of imprisonment in the United States has been on the increase in recent times and this has raised concern among public administrators and citizens in general. The prison administrators primarily are alarmed that in the near future the prisons may be insufficient to hold inmates convicted of felonies. Claims that the correctional facilities are not given enough attention as they ought to given their importance in ensuring security of its citizenry has lead to the recent debate on whether or not correctional facilities should be privatized or remain in the hands of federal and state government. Of course, each opposing side has reasons why they think things should be as they propose. Therefore, what are the pros and cons of privatization of correctional facilities specifically jails in the United States. The jail system is best left in the hands of the public because there are many aspects that would be negatively imparted if jails were privatized, for example employment. This is because underlying privatization of any state owned corporation is the issue of cost reduction. Therefore, in the arms of private companies, profit margins take precedence, meaning that most prison guards and staff would be laid off and the few left to work twice as hard in order that expenses are reduced. Moreover, the urge to cut corners in vital activities like recruiting staff, training and compensation among prison workers among others is high probability. The outcome increased rate of unemployment and by extension higher crime rate. In addition, privatized companies are notorious for bending standards of requirement. Employing of under

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) Research Paper

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) - Research Paper Example Oil currently represents approximately 86% of exports down from 88% in 2003 (Ministry of Economy and Planning 2010). It has led to an improvement in the standard of living of the Saudis and has contributed to every aspect of the Saudi Economy. It has impacted positively on education and training and on the development of the country’s infrastructure. Improvement in the standard of living and the Saudi economy Oil wealth has led to a transformation of Saudi Arabia, a country that was once dependent on agriculture. The standard of living as represented by gross domestic product (GDP) has improved and continues to do so. Saudi Arabia is now recognized as an upper middle income country with per capita GDP at US$15,711 in 2005 (nation master n.d.). The country’s human development index (HDI) which is a better indicator of the standard of living stood at 0.772 in 2006 and placed it at 75th out of 178 countries in 2005 (Nation Master n.d.). The company is now a welfare state w hich indicates that it provides unemployment and other benefits including retirement to its citizens. These improvements have been driven by oil, both directly and indirectly. The industry triggered the demand for various services and products to both drive the industry and as spinoffs. Jaffe and Elass (2007) states that the petroleum sector represents 40% of the Saudi Arabia’s GDP and is therefore the cornerstone of the economy. This sector is driven by Saudi Aramco which is described by Jaffe and Elass (2007) as the most influential oil company in the world. Saudi Aramco manages 98% of the oil reserves in Saudi Arabian which represents 25% of the world’s reserves (Jaffe and Elass 2007). Between 2003 and 2010 both nominal and real GDP has grown. Real GDP calculated at 1990 prices increased from SR686.8 billion in 2003 to SR869.0 billion in 2010. The only year that experienced a decline was 2008 when it fell by less than SR1 billion. Nominal GDP grew from SR804.6 billi on in 2003 to SR1, 630 billion in 2010. Since taking over from agriculture, oil continues to be the main contributor to GDP representing a significant portion of exports. Vitalis (2007) states that in addition to building up the oil industry Saudi Aramco has also provided the expertise and support required to move the Saudi Kingdom out of its backward state by developing and modernizing its agriculture, transportation, education, and health and welfare provision. Impact on education and training Saudi ARAMCO has contributed significantly to the development of education in Saudi Arabia. According to Al Dawood (2010; qtd. in Smith 2010) a major portion of Saudi Aramco’s investment in human resources is reflected in the number of the company’s employees, (including students who are expected to work with Saudi Aramco after graduation) to study at various universities and institutions across the globe. Simpson (2000) also indicates that Saudi Aramco’s pre-university College Preparatory Program (CPP) has made annual contributions to Saudi students studying in Europe and the United States. Although fluctuating from year to year this trend has been on the increase. Despite the fact that growth in oil production has declined (Ministry of Economy & Planning 2010) the company continues to play a positive role. According to VooDooDog (2009) Saudi ARAMCO has c

What Sets Us Apart Essay Example for Free

What Sets Us Apart Essay In the essay â€Å"What Sets us Apart,† by Mortimer B. Zuckerman, he examines the issue of how America is regarded by foreign countries and the impact America has in these countries. Zuckerman acknowledges of Hollywood contributing to â€Å"a significant piece of America’s ‘soft power’† on how we are perceived by other countries; meaning that American culture is not viewed favorable by other countries because of Hollywood. Zuckerman’s perception is something that I agree with; unfortunately, America is viewed in a negative way by other countries because of Hollywood contributing to an askew image of America, a misperception by foreign countries, and the tolerance by the American society. First of all, the reason Hollywood has such a profound impact on the appearance on American society, is because they supply â€Å"over 70 percent of the European film makers and 90 percent† to the rest of the world. Sadly, Hollywood targets the â€Å"younger population audience who constitute the bulk† of the film industry, which has a tremendous impact to what movies contain. Of course, being a younger crowd will imply more â€Å"action, violence, sex, and special effects,† which seems as though it will not have an effect but it does. Since Hollywood is the biggest supplier of films to other countries, whatever is shown in these films (action, violence, sex, and special effects) will reflect the â€Å"American lifestyle. Thanks to these images, â€Å"Hollywood has made Americanism a dirty word. † Furthermore, these misperceptions of the American lifestyle has made foreign countries once â€Å"favorable opinion[s] of the United States† drop in recent years. The liberty portrayed in America gives rise to the fears of an up rise by the people in a communism country. Thus making democracy â€Å"less attractive,† rather than displaying the beauty of democracy. People from foreign countries that have strong values see our society with little to no morals, and a lot of promiscuity. All of these factors emitted by the media have attributed to making America a less desirable place to other countries. Moreover, the American society has tolerated and accepted what the media has presented to other foreign countries. The purchase of any these products means we have accepted what is being displayed and agree with what is shown in them. As Americans we need to educate other countries that we are educated individuals whom have strong values and value diversity. We need to show how organized and well-established we are as a democratic society. Here in America, freedom and liberty is granted to individuals in their lifestyle choices. Being American grants us the freedom that not many countries offer; as Americans we can demonstrate the beautiful attributes we have as a society. Overall, we need to demonstrate and educate countries whom view us poorly that we are not what the media displays. Instead, let us show the beautiful aspects of life this country offers to all ethnicities. Here, in America, like Zuckerman said we are provided with â€Å"self-help, self-improvement, and self-renovation† that no other country can offer.

Native American Healing And Dance :: essays research papers

Native American Dance and Healing Native Americans in Contemporary Society: The population in the United States has increased steadily in the 20th century. In 1990 the number of Native Americans was almost two million, 8 percent of the total population. Slightly more than one third live on a reservation; about half live in urban areas. Indian reservations function as independent governments within the federal framework. Among many of the Native Americans, there are many musical styles, singing is the dominant form of musical expression, with instrumental music serving primarily as rhythmic accompaniment. Throughout the Americas the principal instruments have been drums, flutes, and whistles. The American Indian lived life in love with nature. Their wisdom showed in everything, their capacity for harmony with the environment, what they wore, what they created, what they ate and how it was prepared, in their philosophies and beliefs. Music and dance were confined to the native world or offered in tourist attractions as an illustration of a lifestyle unknown to many people. Over the past few years there has been a heightened interest in all Indian things, such as in their art. Expression in the art and dance among North American people this part of life in the form of function and ceremony as it is decoration or performance. Today the Indian Arts have been â€Å"discovered†, and a large cross section of humanity is enjoying its intrinsic excellence, vitality, originality and tradition they offer to the heart and head. Men’s Traditional Dance: They danced with exaggerated movement above the waist to simulate hunting, tracking, or fighting, but heavy grounded, flat footed loser body. This dance originated with members of warrior societies on the Great Plains. Costumes includes an eagle feather bustle and hair roach made of porcupine quills. Women’s Traditional Dance: This dance is extremely reversed in nature, simply a single or double step done in a circle. Sometimes as a up and down movement is done while standing in place. Costumes for women’s traditional dance also remains tribal specific, and sometimes with elaborate beadwork on a long buckskin or trade cloth dresses. Stomp Dances: This dance they get into nature by way of rhythm and it can make your body healthier and relieve stress. Native Americans believe then and still believe now that when the body works in harmony with nature, the natural rhythms of the body and spirit work together. It is that energy that makes one whole. In the Native stomp dances, in the habitats of the native homelands, when they get into rhythm with nature then your body becomes healthier, your mental stress is relieved and you become a whole person

Digital Smell Technology Essay

We all are aware about todays technology evidence, how far it resembles with our day to day life. Everything around us is changing so rampantly. Basics needs in this era of technology are not just limited to three i.e. food, shelter and clothes, people are expecting a lot than this three basic one. If you observe carefully technology mainly focused on our sense of sight and sound, you will find it more interesting and incredible. Now it’s time to add one more sense into the list and that is nose and tough. We all are very quantize with the online shopping through internet, while buying some product on the internet we can see the image of the product. This online shopping is just limited for some products like clothes, mobiles etc. But now you can buy those products which have smell like perfumes, cakes etc. Anything which you will decide to buy from its smell. Means you will be able to smell the object just sitting in front of your computer by using this digital smell technology. Now you might be thinking that how it will be possible ?. California based Dig scents Inc. has developed this technology. A small device connects through your computer or laptop via serial port and has its own driver which produces the smell related to your product in your room. The idea of this technology came from one perfume making company for the advertisement of his perfumes products. This digital smell technology can be used for the security purpose in public places like theaters or some auditorium etc for detecting the odd flavor of some explosive materials. There is USB device which need to connect to your computer via. USB device is called ismell. Which contain some chemicals to produce the all types fragrance using different combinations. For each smell there is some code for respective smell. When user click on that product link client request  the ismell device and the device recognized the coding according to that the respective smell will be escaped from the device and spread into the room.

Viscosity

Viscosity of Liquids Part I: Low Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives †¢ To measure and analyze the viscosities of ideal (Toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal (Methanol/Water) binary solutions and their components. †¢ To determine the Activation Energy to viscous flow. †¢ The effect of temperature change on the viscosity will be studied. Method: The viscosities of liquids are determined by measuring the flow time for various liquids in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity †¢ The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is important in applications ranging from oil flow in engines to blood flow through arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity †¢ How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity. †¢ How fast an object (steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force. 4 Molecular properties contributing to viscosity Viscosity arises from the dire cted motion of molecules past each other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affected by many factors such as: †¢ Molecular size. Molecular shape. †¢ Intermolecular interactions (attractive force between the molecules). †¢ Structure of the liquid itself. †¢ Temperature(Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC symbol of viscosity is the greek symbol eta â€Å"? †. ? Viscosity â€Å"? † of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over each other. The force (f) required is directly proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the poise named after Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in terms of centipoise â€Å"cP†. The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of viscosity is Pascal-second (Pa ·s) = N ·s m–2 or Kg m-1 s-1. †¢ In cgs unit 1 Poise â€Å"P† = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise â€Å"P†= 1 centipoise â€Å"cP† 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kg ·m? 1 ·s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s †¢ The conversion between the units: 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method †¢ Time for fixed volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark – Depends on density. – Depends on visc osity. Reference liquid is used. †¢ This type can be used for liquids of viscosity up to 100 poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculation of the viscosity: Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of known viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow times of two liquids of known density. If the viscosity of one liquid is known, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities’ liquid. After the reservoir is filled with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the upper mark. The time required for the liquid t o fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is recorded. Then the time required for the same volume of a liquid of known viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with Equation ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where â€Å"r† refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of known liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 Fluidity Equ. 6 †¢ The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? †¢ The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. †¢ One particular advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of mixed binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by: where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, †¢ Fluidity equation is only slightly simpler than the equivalent e quation in terms of viscosity  µ = ? : Equ. 8 †¢ where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. †¢ The viscosity of the mixture is not linear 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture: ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ?B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the mixed state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the destruction of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations wou ld not be valid: and ln? ? ? A ln?A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity †¢ Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. †¢ This relation was first expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( †¢ Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activation energy of viscosity. †¢ The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 †¢ A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental †¢ To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube (< 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. †¢ Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. †¢ Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. †¢ The driving force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer †¢ Ostwald viscometer is calibrated using 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions †¢ The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula Methanol 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water †¢ Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscos ity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentages by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure: Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 ° C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath.Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer just as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and dry the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to evaporate all the acetone. 3. Determine the flow times of each of your methanol/water 16 solutions at 25 ° C. Procedure: cont’d . Complete the series by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in step 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in roughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to  ± 0.  °C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 ° C. 17 Table Data 1: The flow times of each of ( methanol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) Flow time (3) ( s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at different temperature: Table Data 2: The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature.Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) ( °C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1: Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? Density, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0CViscosity Table of Results 1: Cont’d %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xme thanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2: The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25 °C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2: Cont’d %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 : T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. Determine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FBData Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the value of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the â€Å"ideality† of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependence of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the error in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get t he error in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25

Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essays

Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essays Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essay Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essay At the oncoming of twentieth century. many Americans were faced with the quandary of whether to purchase electric vehicles that are battery charged or vehicles that use gasoline-powered engines. At the beginning of twenty-first century. analysts have concluded that. vehicles that use gasolene or Diesel must be replaced with electric vehicles ( Thomas. 2010 ) . A inquiry arises of whether utilizing electric vehicles instead than the gasolene would truly assist the environment ( De Marco. 2009 ) bearing in head that. the electricity is generated from firing coal ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . This essay shows that electric vehicles would be better for the environment than the gasolene vehicles. It has been discovered that the usage of electricity vehicles would salvage the state a batch of gasolene. A survey was conducted by Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ) in 2007 and it was discovered that the cost of electricity used by these vehicles is tantamount to gasoline bing 75 cents per gallon. something that has neer been seen for a really long clip. This is because a kilowatt hr of electricity would averagely be 8. 5 cents ( De Marco. 2009 ) . To find this. the institute compared the distance that would be covered by an electric vehicle that had been charged one time with a auto utilizing one gallon of gasolene bing $ 3 and going 25 stat mis. Another thing that led them to that decision was that. since the electric vehicles will be bear downing at dark when air current and hydropower in some countries will be blowing off. it would cut down the cost of the kilowatt hr to lower degrees of two to three cents therefore the charge bing less. This means that. if electric vehicles become a world. the state will make off with the demand of 52 % of oil it presently uses mundane or 6. 5 billion barrels of the same ( De Marco. 2009 ) . The vehicles that use gasolene have a major portion to play when it comes to air pollution. They account for 54 % of nitrogen oxide in the air. 89 % of C monoxide emanations and 28 % C dioxide. They are besides responsible for other types of emanations such as hydrocarbons and sulfur oxides but in small sums ( Wilikins. 1997 ) . It is good known fact that half of electricity used in US is generated from coal. Some decennaries back. it was 60 % but now it is approximately 50 % ( DeCicco. 2009 ) . Will it decline the state of affairs? In sing the sum of C dioxide. it has been concluded that electric vehicles would cut the sum of C dioxide emitted by internal burning engines. Some computations have been made and it has been discovered that. America would utilize about 600 billion KWh every twelvemonth the minute the electric vehicles come into full force ( Navarro. 2009 ) . One kilowatt hr generated from a coal power works gives out two lbs of C dioxide. This translates to carbon dioxide lbs of 1. 2 trillion that will be produced from these coal workss. If compared to gasoline. firing a gallon of gasolene produces 20 lbs of C dioxide but this takes topographic point in the exhaust pipes. In 2008. America burned barrels of gasolene amounting to 3. 3 billion. This means that. the sum of C dioxide produced by burning engines is 3. 3 trillion lbs. If compared to the 1 produced by coal workss. it emerges that. the sum of CO2. will be cut by 60 % ( Navarro. 2009 ) . What about other pollutants? Another survey was conducted by Natural Resources Defense Council and it was concluded that. those countries with electric vehicles powered by coal generated electricity would hold increased degrees of quicksilver and carbon black ( De Marco. 2009 ) . Many people have come to hold that. if the electric vehicles would be utilizing electricity generated from coal. more air pollutants would be created in the power workss compared to internal burning engines that use gasolene. General Accounting Office in the US ( GAO ) released a study of a survey carried out in Germany which showed that. if 49 % of the energy used in an electric vehicle comes from the coal. it would take to the emanation of low degrees of C dioxide and N oxides. with an addition in the emanation of S oxides in the power workss. Although. there will be an addition in the figure of pollutants in the power workss. less hydrocarbons and C monoxide will be produced compared to vehicles with internal burning engines. This survey can every bit good as tantrum in the US since both states generate about half of their electricity from coal ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . However. electric vehicles do non impact environment straight since they emit really small or no green house gases as compared to internal burning engines. The internal burning engine vehicles produce emanations from their exhaust pipes but the electric 1s do non and if they do. they would be negligible. In other words. the pollution would be shifted to the power workss and as seen. there would be an addition in the figure of pollutants in power workss ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . However. it would be really easy to command emanations from power workss as compared to commanding emanations from internal burning engine vehicles that are scattered every where. Furthermore. since electricity can be produced from anyplace. power workss can be relocated from topographic points that are overcrowded or urban countries. Although this would increase the chance of acerb rain to happen in some countries harbouring these workss. there will be reduced hydrocarbon and C monoxide emanations ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . Despite of the fact that electricity is generated from coal. it has been proven by Environment Texas that. electric autos utilizing power from coal workss would still be 27 % cleaner than their opposite numbers utilizing gasolene. Furthermore. there are those states which use cleaner ways of bring forthing electricity and this would merely intend that they would hold really small or no pollution at all from power workss. The minute states including US come up with better ways of bring forthing electricity. no 1 will hold to worry about pollution from transit system ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . Electric vehicles would be better for the environment. This is because it would be really easy to modulate the sum of C emanations from the coal workss. This is due to the fact that. the pollution caused by these vehicles would be coming from the power workss but non from the exhaust pipes as in the instance of burning engines ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . Furthermore. there is a high chance that the state would come up with better methods of bring forthing electricity in hereafter which merely means that. one twenty-four hours the emanations from coal workss would be done off with. therefore offering a lasting solution to pollution caused by vehicles ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . In decision. the coming of electric vehicle would truly impact on our economic system every bit good as the environment. It would extinguish the country’s dependance on gasolene and oil imports. It would besides cut on the C emanations but increase the figure of pollutants in the air for illustration. S oxides. However. it would be easy to command these emanations. In add-on. in future. cleaner methods of bring forthing electricity promise the riddance of C emanations from the route. This makes electric vehicles to be better for the environment. than the gasolene vehicles. Mentions De Cicco. J. ( 2009 ) . Can coal-powered autos be clean? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hybridcars. com/environment/can-coal-powered-cars-be-clean-26233. hypertext markup language gt ; De Marco. K. ( 2009 ) . Electric cars-how much Does it be per charge? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=electric-cars-cost-per-charge gt ; Thomas. S. ( 2010 ) . Hydrogen powered fuel cell electric vehicles compared to the options. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. azocleantech. com/Details. asp? ArticleId=214 gt ; Navarro. Ten. ( 2009 ) . Electricity from coal. electric vehicles beat gas in CO2 emanations. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //green. autoblog. com/2009/07/24/study-even-with-electricity-from-coal-electric-vehilces-beat-g/ gt ; Shoebridge. G. ( 2010 ) . Dirty electric autos powered by soiled coal. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gavinshoebridge. com/electric-cars/dirty-electric-cars-powered-by-dirty-coal/ gt ; Wilkins. ( 1997 ) . Will electric vehicles truly cut down pollution? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. natural philosophies. ohio-state. edu/~wilkins/writing/Samples/policy/voytishlong. hypertext markup language gt ;