Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, Free Essays, Term Papers

Reconstruction Essays - Reconstruction Era, Free Essays, Term Papers Reconstruction John Paul Figaro History Professor Gary Reconstruction Paper Reconstruction policies proved to be the seeds of failure in American race relations in the 19th century. Reconstruction demanded the Negroes freedom, their civil rights, the opportunity for economic freedom, education and the right to vote. This idea of Negro equality was the most controversial aspect of radical reconstruction, and violence was one of the means used to undermine Reconstruction. Racism and violence have proved to be interrelated factors in American society. In the words of W.E.B. Du Bois The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. The Southern whites ideology expressed certain propositions about the black man in society. The abolition of slavery ended the institution but not the system of beliefs, assumptions, and values they held concerning the Negro. Within the context of this white supremacist ideology, racism flourished. The black man was viewed as being part of a caste system where they were relegated to the bottom of the social classes with no legal status. In the movie The Birth of A Nation the director, D.W. Griffith, interprets the social reality and justifying policies of the Southern white in the 19th century. The tone of the movie infers that blacks are inherently inferior and are incapable of appreciating the freedom given to them. We are introduced to images of the contented slave working complacently in the field, to the freedman who has been corrupted by the Scallywags and Carpetbaggers, to the comic Negro in his clownish clothes, dancing and performing and to the vicious Negro renegade who attacks a white woman. The contrast between the Negro and the Southern white is established not only by characterization but also by southern attitudes and mannerisms. Griffith is re-creating the southern ideal of what it meant to be part of a higher civilization with values and an outlook that shaped the souths history. He pictures the well-dressed southern gentleman and lady, with their genteel manners and refined airs, as having the innate ability to appreciate the cotton flower in contrast to the downtrodden Negro worker in his shabby attire. There are other racist images throughout the movie as we view a changed south, that now has Negro judges and juries and white defendants. We are shown stat e assemblies in which the black men have control and authority but they are portrayed as drunken, shoeless, ignorant buffoons. It is here that we come to understand that new laws will be created to ensure the advancement and equality of the black race. It is suggested that the black man would dare to pass laws that allow intermarriage between whites and blacks. We learn that the Southern girl, Elsie, is outraged when Silas Lynch, a mulatto, dares to propose marriage. Silas Lynch becomes a symbol of his mulatto race. To underscore such absurdity, her father, a black sympathizer, becomes angered when he learns of the proposal thus emphasizing the hypocrisy of the northern views. Racism is again reinforced when Cameron meets Lynch for the first time and Cameron refuses to shake Lynchs hand because Lynch dares to consider himself an equal. There is also a confrontation on the street when a black man refuses to step aside for the white men to pass. Even the old Colonel is arrested and paraded before his former slaves who spit and taunt him. All these images project a South humiliated and degraded by Reconstruction. The Southerner feels degradation over the new order and the new rebellion of the South begins. Within the context of the South, beaten in war, where murder, disorganization and military rule is the new order, violence becomes the answer. Violence was the direct result of the Souths racist attitude and it was an integral part of the Southern landscape. Sympathy is elicited for the Southern white when Piedmont, South Carolina is under attack by a band of Negro militia and northern whites. We see the Negro raiding and burning homes, shooting whites and destroying the town without any just cause. Self-preservation becomes the key to saving themselves and violence becomes the means to their salvation. At the center of the resort to violence was a secret organization which served as a kind of guerrilla force to restore white supremacy. It was known as the Ku Klux Klan or The Invisible Empire of the South. A

Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Example

Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Example Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay Investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year Essay I am going to investigate the relationship between height and weight and how it changes between gender and year. I chose this hypothesis because it seems to be the most interesting to study. My expected result will be clear and will show a strong relationship between height and weight in year groups and gender. To prove my hypothesis I will use tables such as box and whisker diagrams and use various methods to pick my data randomly to show it doesnt have biased results. I will have to use secondary data the advantages I have are that I will not waste time as I would have if I collected it myself but the disadvantage is that the data might be unreliable. To get the sample of 10% I will have to use random sampling and stratified sampling. 10% of all the data is 118 also I deed a total of 118 students. Yr 7 males 151 1183 x 118 = 15 Yr 7 females 131 1183 x 118 = 13 Yr 8 males 145 1183 x 118 = 14 Yr 8 female 125 1183 x 118 = 12 Yr 9 male 118 1183 x 118 = 12 Yr 9 female 143 1183 x 118 = 14 Year 7 male Year 7 female Year 8 male Year 8 female Year 9 male Year 9 female All years Male and Female Correlation Coefficient My correlation coefficient is 0.525854261 The Main Study My Hypothesis is that boys are taller and heavier then girls and the difference between boys and girls will increase as the students get older. Sampling I have chosen a random sample from 7 of the groups I have picked 30 students from each randomly and my results are as below Years 7 Females Year 7 males Year 8 Females Year 8 Males Year 9 Females Year 9 Males Anomalies To make sure my data is reliable I will test for anomalies to do this I will use the interquartile range and find out if there are any outliers Year 7 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 150 Uq 161.75 Iqr 11.75 The outliers are 138.25 and 179.375 but there are no anomalies in this data Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 40 Uq 48.75 Iqr 8.75 The outliers are 26.875 and 61.875 but there are no anomalies is the data Year 7 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper Quartile) Lq 147 Uq 159.5 Iqr 12.5 The outliers are 134.5 and 172 Weight Lq 39.5 Uq 49.5 Iqr 12.5 The outliers are29.5 and 59.5 Year 8 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 155 Uq 163 Iqr 8 The outliers are 145 and 173 Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45 Uq 52 Iqr 7 The outliers are 36.25 and 60.75 Year 8 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper Quartile) Lq 152 Uq 162 Iqr 15 The outliers are 133.25 and 185.75 Weight Lq 38 Uq 52 Iqr 14 The outliers are 20.5 and 69.5 Year 9 Females Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 153 Uq 162 Iqr 9 The outliers are 141.75 and 173.25 Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45.25 Uq 52 Iqr 6.25 The outliers are 36.8125 and 60.4375 Year 9 Males Height (Lower Quartile and Upper quartile) Lq 154.25 Uq 172.5 Iqr 18.25 The outliers are 131. 4375 and 195.3126 but there are no anomalies in this data Weight (Lower and Upper quartile) Lq 45.5 Uq 60 Iqr 14.5 The outliers are 27.375 and 78.125 but there are no anomalies in this data I will now show a summary table as a way of showing comparisons between gender and year All Years Male Correlation Coefficient Height Mean Height Standard Deviation Weight Median Weight IQR Year 7 0.394972 152.84 8.420776 43 10 Year 8 0.550165 157.50 14.83408 48.5 14 Year 9 0384617 162.97 10.20942 52 14.5 All Years Female Correlation Coefficient Height Mean Height Standard Deviation Weight Median Weight IQR Year 7 0.409882 155.10 8.009786 45 8.75 Year 8 0445067 158.81 9.812498 50 7 Year 9 0.314751 157.7667 8.670576 49 6.75 Conclusion On each scatter graph the correlation shows some good positive correlation these show that my hypothesis may be correct. Also each Scatter graph shows height and weight which was used to compare height and weight with different genders The average correlation of year 7 is 0.402427 this is a very supportive piece of evidence, for year 8 it is 0.420469 and year 9 it is 0.432458 again these both are very supportive of my hypothesis. With this correlation it is even more likely the hypothesis will be correct so I am pleased with theses results The differences between the height and weight of boys and girls are that boys are heavier and taller then girls in all years. As boys and girls get older their weight and height increases but boys still are usually taller and heavier. If I had included the anomalies I think they would have changed the results so I am pleased that I didnt include them T he box and whisker diagrams I have drawn shows the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile and maximum they show visually the height or weight of each year and gender which helps greatly with the comparison The mean and standard deviation shown in the summary tables for height are helpful because the standard deviation looks at how spread a collection of data is and is a way of comparing two sets of data in this case which is height and weight. Mean is when a set of data is added together and subtracted by the number of figures there are. My findings defiantly agree with my hypothesis because of my using the different year groups it only proves that my hypothesis is correct my hypothesis was boys are taller and heavier then girls and the difference between boys and girls will increase as the students get older The reasons why I have my findings is that because I built up on my hypothesis and I got rid of any anomalous data that I had and I made the hypothesis as simple as possible so that the data would be easy for everyone to be able to understand it The exceptions to patterns they are there because there was bound to be patterns within this hypothesis because the data was to show a pattern of height and weight between gender and year. This is because that pattern was one that I was looking for Evaluation My sample was a fair sample because I used random sampling which shows that my results were not based on biased samples random sampling ensures that no biased data would get into my results also the data was representative of the whole year and gender that I was sampling This project I think had quite a few limitation as I was not allowed to use my own data which in my mind would have been more reliable and accurate also there was a limitation to what graphs I could use and how I could represent my data The only problem I faced was getting the data into a type of data I could use that would be relevant to my hypothesis I had to delete several columns and that was at times frustrating especially when I had a couple of times deleted columns I needed. If I could make changes I would have made the change about the data I would have allowed myself to go out and collect my own as I said before this would have been more accurate and reliable. All in all this was an enjoyable piece of coursework with an interesting hypothesis and I have learnt many facts from just studying it and I hope you have agreed with the hypothesis due to my evidence

Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Criminal justice - Essay Example It has often been confused that correctional facilities are intended to punish perpetrators of law. That said, the prison system plays a major role in removing criminals from the street thereby creating a safer haven for its citizens while providing opportunities for criminals to understand their offenses and change for the better. The rate of imprisonment in the United States has been on the increase in recent times and this has raised concern among public administrators and citizens in general. The prison administrators primarily are alarmed that in the near future the prisons may be insufficient to hold inmates convicted of felonies. Claims that the correctional facilities are not given enough attention as they ought to given their importance in ensuring security of its citizenry has lead to the recent debate on whether or not correctional facilities should be privatized or remain in the hands of federal and state government. Of course, each opposing side has reasons why they think things should be as they propose. Therefore, what are the pros and cons of privatization of correctional facilities specifically jails in the United States. The jail system is best left in the hands of the public because there are many aspects that would be negatively imparted if jails were privatized, for example employment. This is because underlying privatization of any state owned corporation is the issue of cost reduction. Therefore, in the arms of private companies, profit margins take precedence, meaning that most prison guards and staff would be laid off and the few left to work twice as hard in order that expenses are reduced. Moreover, the urge to cut corners in vital activities like recruiting staff, training and compensation among prison workers among others is high probability. The outcome increased rate of unemployment and by extension higher crime rate. In addition, privatized companies are notorious for bending standards of requirement. Employing of under

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) Research Paper

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) - Research Paper Example Oil currently represents approximately 86% of exports down from 88% in 2003 (Ministry of Economy and Planning 2010). It has led to an improvement in the standard of living of the Saudis and has contributed to every aspect of the Saudi Economy. It has impacted positively on education and training and on the development of the country’s infrastructure. Improvement in the standard of living and the Saudi economy Oil wealth has led to a transformation of Saudi Arabia, a country that was once dependent on agriculture. The standard of living as represented by gross domestic product (GDP) has improved and continues to do so. Saudi Arabia is now recognized as an upper middle income country with per capita GDP at US$15,711 in 2005 (nation master n.d.). The country’s human development index (HDI) which is a better indicator of the standard of living stood at 0.772 in 2006 and placed it at 75th out of 178 countries in 2005 (Nation Master n.d.). The company is now a welfare state w hich indicates that it provides unemployment and other benefits including retirement to its citizens. These improvements have been driven by oil, both directly and indirectly. The industry triggered the demand for various services and products to both drive the industry and as spinoffs. Jaffe and Elass (2007) states that the petroleum sector represents 40% of the Saudi Arabia’s GDP and is therefore the cornerstone of the economy. This sector is driven by Saudi Aramco which is described by Jaffe and Elass (2007) as the most influential oil company in the world. Saudi Aramco manages 98% of the oil reserves in Saudi Arabian which represents 25% of the world’s reserves (Jaffe and Elass 2007). Between 2003 and 2010 both nominal and real GDP has grown. Real GDP calculated at 1990 prices increased from SR686.8 billion in 2003 to SR869.0 billion in 2010. The only year that experienced a decline was 2008 when it fell by less than SR1 billion. Nominal GDP grew from SR804.6 billi on in 2003 to SR1, 630 billion in 2010. Since taking over from agriculture, oil continues to be the main contributor to GDP representing a significant portion of exports. Vitalis (2007) states that in addition to building up the oil industry Saudi Aramco has also provided the expertise and support required to move the Saudi Kingdom out of its backward state by developing and modernizing its agriculture, transportation, education, and health and welfare provision. Impact on education and training Saudi ARAMCO has contributed significantly to the development of education in Saudi Arabia. According to Al Dawood (2010; qtd. in Smith 2010) a major portion of Saudi Aramco’s investment in human resources is reflected in the number of the company’s employees, (including students who are expected to work with Saudi Aramco after graduation) to study at various universities and institutions across the globe. Simpson (2000) also indicates that Saudi Aramco’s pre-university College Preparatory Program (CPP) has made annual contributions to Saudi students studying in Europe and the United States. Although fluctuating from year to year this trend has been on the increase. Despite the fact that growth in oil production has declined (Ministry of Economy & Planning 2010) the company continues to play a positive role. According to VooDooDog (2009) Saudi ARAMCO has c

What Sets Us Apart Essay Example for Free

What Sets Us Apart Essay In the essay â€Å"What Sets us Apart,† by Mortimer B. Zuckerman, he examines the issue of how America is regarded by foreign countries and the impact America has in these countries. Zuckerman acknowledges of Hollywood contributing to â€Å"a significant piece of America’s ‘soft power’† on how we are perceived by other countries; meaning that American culture is not viewed favorable by other countries because of Hollywood. Zuckerman’s perception is something that I agree with; unfortunately, America is viewed in a negative way by other countries because of Hollywood contributing to an askew image of America, a misperception by foreign countries, and the tolerance by the American society. First of all, the reason Hollywood has such a profound impact on the appearance on American society, is because they supply â€Å"over 70 percent of the European film makers and 90 percent† to the rest of the world. Sadly, Hollywood targets the â€Å"younger population audience who constitute the bulk† of the film industry, which has a tremendous impact to what movies contain. Of course, being a younger crowd will imply more â€Å"action, violence, sex, and special effects,† which seems as though it will not have an effect but it does. Since Hollywood is the biggest supplier of films to other countries, whatever is shown in these films (action, violence, sex, and special effects) will reflect the â€Å"American lifestyle. Thanks to these images, â€Å"Hollywood has made Americanism a dirty word. † Furthermore, these misperceptions of the American lifestyle has made foreign countries once â€Å"favorable opinion[s] of the United States† drop in recent years. The liberty portrayed in America gives rise to the fears of an up rise by the people in a communism country. Thus making democracy â€Å"less attractive,† rather than displaying the beauty of democracy. People from foreign countries that have strong values see our society with little to no morals, and a lot of promiscuity. All of these factors emitted by the media have attributed to making America a less desirable place to other countries. Moreover, the American society has tolerated and accepted what the media has presented to other foreign countries. The purchase of any these products means we have accepted what is being displayed and agree with what is shown in them. As Americans we need to educate other countries that we are educated individuals whom have strong values and value diversity. We need to show how organized and well-established we are as a democratic society. Here in America, freedom and liberty is granted to individuals in their lifestyle choices. Being American grants us the freedom that not many countries offer; as Americans we can demonstrate the beautiful attributes we have as a society. Overall, we need to demonstrate and educate countries whom view us poorly that we are not what the media displays. Instead, let us show the beautiful aspects of life this country offers to all ethnicities. Here, in America, like Zuckerman said we are provided with â€Å"self-help, self-improvement, and self-renovation† that no other country can offer.

Native American Healing And Dance :: essays research papers

Native American Dance and Healing Native Americans in Contemporary Society: The population in the United States has increased steadily in the 20th century. In 1990 the number of Native Americans was almost two million, 8 percent of the total population. Slightly more than one third live on a reservation; about half live in urban areas. Indian reservations function as independent governments within the federal framework. Among many of the Native Americans, there are many musical styles, singing is the dominant form of musical expression, with instrumental music serving primarily as rhythmic accompaniment. Throughout the Americas the principal instruments have been drums, flutes, and whistles. The American Indian lived life in love with nature. Their wisdom showed in everything, their capacity for harmony with the environment, what they wore, what they created, what they ate and how it was prepared, in their philosophies and beliefs. Music and dance were confined to the native world or offered in tourist attractions as an illustration of a lifestyle unknown to many people. Over the past few years there has been a heightened interest in all Indian things, such as in their art. Expression in the art and dance among North American people this part of life in the form of function and ceremony as it is decoration or performance. Today the Indian Arts have been â€Å"discovered†, and a large cross section of humanity is enjoying its intrinsic excellence, vitality, originality and tradition they offer to the heart and head. Men’s Traditional Dance: They danced with exaggerated movement above the waist to simulate hunting, tracking, or fighting, but heavy grounded, flat footed loser body. This dance originated with members of warrior societies on the Great Plains. Costumes includes an eagle feather bustle and hair roach made of porcupine quills. Women’s Traditional Dance: This dance is extremely reversed in nature, simply a single or double step done in a circle. Sometimes as a up and down movement is done while standing in place. Costumes for women’s traditional dance also remains tribal specific, and sometimes with elaborate beadwork on a long buckskin or trade cloth dresses. Stomp Dances: This dance they get into nature by way of rhythm and it can make your body healthier and relieve stress. Native Americans believe then and still believe now that when the body works in harmony with nature, the natural rhythms of the body and spirit work together. It is that energy that makes one whole. In the Native stomp dances, in the habitats of the native homelands, when they get into rhythm with nature then your body becomes healthier, your mental stress is relieved and you become a whole person

Digital Smell Technology Essay

We all are aware about todays technology evidence, how far it resembles with our day to day life. Everything around us is changing so rampantly. Basics needs in this era of technology are not just limited to three i.e. food, shelter and clothes, people are expecting a lot than this three basic one. If you observe carefully technology mainly focused on our sense of sight and sound, you will find it more interesting and incredible. Now it’s time to add one more sense into the list and that is nose and tough. We all are very quantize with the online shopping through internet, while buying some product on the internet we can see the image of the product. This online shopping is just limited for some products like clothes, mobiles etc. But now you can buy those products which have smell like perfumes, cakes etc. Anything which you will decide to buy from its smell. Means you will be able to smell the object just sitting in front of your computer by using this digital smell technology. Now you might be thinking that how it will be possible ?. California based Dig scents Inc. has developed this technology. A small device connects through your computer or laptop via serial port and has its own driver which produces the smell related to your product in your room. The idea of this technology came from one perfume making company for the advertisement of his perfumes products. This digital smell technology can be used for the security purpose in public places like theaters or some auditorium etc for detecting the odd flavor of some explosive materials. There is USB device which need to connect to your computer via. USB device is called ismell. Which contain some chemicals to produce the all types fragrance using different combinations. For each smell there is some code for respective smell. When user click on that product link client request  the ismell device and the device recognized the coding according to that the respective smell will be escaped from the device and spread into the room.

Viscosity

Viscosity of Liquids Part I: Low Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives †¢ To measure and analyze the viscosities of ideal (Toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal (Methanol/Water) binary solutions and their components. †¢ To determine the Activation Energy to viscous flow. †¢ The effect of temperature change on the viscosity will be studied. Method: The viscosities of liquids are determined by measuring the flow time for various liquids in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity †¢ The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is important in applications ranging from oil flow in engines to blood flow through arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity †¢ How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity. †¢ How fast an object (steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force. 4 Molecular properties contributing to viscosity Viscosity arises from the dire cted motion of molecules past each other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affected by many factors such as: †¢ Molecular size. Molecular shape. †¢ Intermolecular interactions (attractive force between the molecules). †¢ Structure of the liquid itself. †¢ Temperature(Viscosity decreases with increasing temperature the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC symbol of viscosity is the greek symbol eta â€Å"? †. ? Viscosity â€Å"? † of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over each other. The force (f) required is directly proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the poise named after Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in terms of centipoise â€Å"cP†. The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of viscosity is Pascal-second (Pa ·s) = N ·s m–2 or Kg m-1 s-1. †¢ In cgs unit 1 Poise â€Å"P† = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise â€Å"P†= 1 centipoise â€Å"cP† 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kg ·m? 1 ·s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s †¢ The conversion between the units: 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method †¢ Time for fixed volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark – Depends on density. – Depends on visc osity. Reference liquid is used. †¢ This type can be used for liquids of viscosity up to 100 poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculation of the viscosity: Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of known viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow times of two liquids of known density. If the viscosity of one liquid is known, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities’ liquid. After the reservoir is filled with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the upper mark. The time required for the liquid t o fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is recorded. Then the time required for the same volume of a liquid of known viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with Equation ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where â€Å"r† refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of known liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 Fluidity Equ. 6 †¢ The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? †¢ The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ideal solution. †¢ One particular advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of mixed binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by: where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, †¢ Fluidity equation is only slightly simpler than the equivalent e quation in terms of viscosity  µ = ? : Equ. 8 †¢ where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. †¢ The viscosity of the mixture is not linear 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture: ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ?B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the mixed state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the destruction of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations wou ld not be valid: and ln? ? ? A ln?A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity †¢ Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. †¢ This relation was first expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( †¢ Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activation energy of viscosity. †¢ The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 †¢ A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental †¢ To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube (< 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. †¢ Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. †¢ Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. †¢ The driving force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer †¢ Ostwald viscometer is calibrated using 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions †¢ The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula Methanol 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water †¢ Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscos ity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentages by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure: Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 ° C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath.Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer just as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and dry the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to evaporate all the acetone. 3. Determine the flow times of each of your methanol/water 16 solutions at 25 ° C. Procedure: cont’d . Complete the series by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in step 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in roughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to  ± 0.  °C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 ° C. 17 Table Data 1: The flow times of each of ( methanol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) Flow time (3) ( s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at different temperature: Table Data 2: The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature.Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) ( °C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1: Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? Density, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0CViscosity Table of Results 1: Cont’d %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xme thanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2: The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25 °C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2: Cont’d %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 : T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. Determine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FBData Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the value of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the â€Å"ideality† of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependence of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the error in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get t he error in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25

Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essays

Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essays Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essay Electric Cars versus Gasoline Cars Essay Essay At the oncoming of twentieth century. many Americans were faced with the quandary of whether to purchase electric vehicles that are battery charged or vehicles that use gasoline-powered engines. At the beginning of twenty-first century. analysts have concluded that. vehicles that use gasolene or Diesel must be replaced with electric vehicles ( Thomas. 2010 ) . A inquiry arises of whether utilizing electric vehicles instead than the gasolene would truly assist the environment ( De Marco. 2009 ) bearing in head that. the electricity is generated from firing coal ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . This essay shows that electric vehicles would be better for the environment than the gasolene vehicles. It has been discovered that the usage of electricity vehicles would salvage the state a batch of gasolene. A survey was conducted by Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ) in 2007 and it was discovered that the cost of electricity used by these vehicles is tantamount to gasoline bing 75 cents per gallon. something that has neer been seen for a really long clip. This is because a kilowatt hr of electricity would averagely be 8. 5 cents ( De Marco. 2009 ) . To find this. the institute compared the distance that would be covered by an electric vehicle that had been charged one time with a auto utilizing one gallon of gasolene bing $ 3 and going 25 stat mis. Another thing that led them to that decision was that. since the electric vehicles will be bear downing at dark when air current and hydropower in some countries will be blowing off. it would cut down the cost of the kilowatt hr to lower degrees of two to three cents therefore the charge bing less. This means that. if electric vehicles become a world. the state will make off with the demand of 52 % of oil it presently uses mundane or 6. 5 billion barrels of the same ( De Marco. 2009 ) . The vehicles that use gasolene have a major portion to play when it comes to air pollution. They account for 54 % of nitrogen oxide in the air. 89 % of C monoxide emanations and 28 % C dioxide. They are besides responsible for other types of emanations such as hydrocarbons and sulfur oxides but in small sums ( Wilikins. 1997 ) . It is good known fact that half of electricity used in US is generated from coal. Some decennaries back. it was 60 % but now it is approximately 50 % ( DeCicco. 2009 ) . Will it decline the state of affairs? In sing the sum of C dioxide. it has been concluded that electric vehicles would cut the sum of C dioxide emitted by internal burning engines. Some computations have been made and it has been discovered that. America would utilize about 600 billion KWh every twelvemonth the minute the electric vehicles come into full force ( Navarro. 2009 ) . One kilowatt hr generated from a coal power works gives out two lbs of C dioxide. This translates to carbon dioxide lbs of 1. 2 trillion that will be produced from these coal workss. If compared to gasoline. firing a gallon of gasolene produces 20 lbs of C dioxide but this takes topographic point in the exhaust pipes. In 2008. America burned barrels of gasolene amounting to 3. 3 billion. This means that. the sum of C dioxide produced by burning engines is 3. 3 trillion lbs. If compared to the 1 produced by coal workss. it emerges that. the sum of CO2. will be cut by 60 % ( Navarro. 2009 ) . What about other pollutants? Another survey was conducted by Natural Resources Defense Council and it was concluded that. those countries with electric vehicles powered by coal generated electricity would hold increased degrees of quicksilver and carbon black ( De Marco. 2009 ) . Many people have come to hold that. if the electric vehicles would be utilizing electricity generated from coal. more air pollutants would be created in the power workss compared to internal burning engines that use gasolene. General Accounting Office in the US ( GAO ) released a study of a survey carried out in Germany which showed that. if 49 % of the energy used in an electric vehicle comes from the coal. it would take to the emanation of low degrees of C dioxide and N oxides. with an addition in the emanation of S oxides in the power workss. Although. there will be an addition in the figure of pollutants in the power workss. less hydrocarbons and C monoxide will be produced compared to vehicles with internal burning engines. This survey can every bit good as tantrum in the US since both states generate about half of their electricity from coal ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . However. electric vehicles do non impact environment straight since they emit really small or no green house gases as compared to internal burning engines. The internal burning engine vehicles produce emanations from their exhaust pipes but the electric 1s do non and if they do. they would be negligible. In other words. the pollution would be shifted to the power workss and as seen. there would be an addition in the figure of pollutants in power workss ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . However. it would be really easy to command emanations from power workss as compared to commanding emanations from internal burning engine vehicles that are scattered every where. Furthermore. since electricity can be produced from anyplace. power workss can be relocated from topographic points that are overcrowded or urban countries. Although this would increase the chance of acerb rain to happen in some countries harbouring these workss. there will be reduced hydrocarbon and C monoxide emanations ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . Despite of the fact that electricity is generated from coal. it has been proven by Environment Texas that. electric autos utilizing power from coal workss would still be 27 % cleaner than their opposite numbers utilizing gasolene. Furthermore. there are those states which use cleaner ways of bring forthing electricity and this would merely intend that they would hold really small or no pollution at all from power workss. The minute states including US come up with better ways of bring forthing electricity. no 1 will hold to worry about pollution from transit system ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . Electric vehicles would be better for the environment. This is because it would be really easy to modulate the sum of C emanations from the coal workss. This is due to the fact that. the pollution caused by these vehicles would be coming from the power workss but non from the exhaust pipes as in the instance of burning engines ( Wilkins. 1997 ) . Furthermore. there is a high chance that the state would come up with better methods of bring forthing electricity in hereafter which merely means that. one twenty-four hours the emanations from coal workss would be done off with. therefore offering a lasting solution to pollution caused by vehicles ( Shoebridge. 2010 ) . In decision. the coming of electric vehicle would truly impact on our economic system every bit good as the environment. It would extinguish the country’s dependance on gasolene and oil imports. It would besides cut on the C emanations but increase the figure of pollutants in the air for illustration. S oxides. However. it would be easy to command these emanations. In add-on. in future. cleaner methods of bring forthing electricity promise the riddance of C emanations from the route. This makes electric vehicles to be better for the environment. than the gasolene vehicles. Mentions De Cicco. J. ( 2009 ) . Can coal-powered autos be clean? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hybridcars. com/environment/can-coal-powered-cars-be-clean-26233. hypertext markup language gt ; De Marco. K. ( 2009 ) . Electric cars-how much Does it be per charge? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? id=electric-cars-cost-per-charge gt ; Thomas. S. ( 2010 ) . Hydrogen powered fuel cell electric vehicles compared to the options. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. azocleantech. com/Details. asp? ArticleId=214 gt ; Navarro. Ten. ( 2009 ) . Electricity from coal. electric vehicles beat gas in CO2 emanations. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //green. autoblog. com/2009/07/24/study-even-with-electricity-from-coal-electric-vehilces-beat-g/ gt ; Shoebridge. G. ( 2010 ) . Dirty electric autos powered by soiled coal. Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gavinshoebridge. com/electric-cars/dirty-electric-cars-powered-by-dirty-coal/ gt ; Wilkins. ( 1997 ) . Will electric vehicles truly cut down pollution? Retrieved from lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. natural philosophies. ohio-state. edu/~wilkins/writing/Samples/policy/voytishlong. hypertext markup language gt ;

Analytical Essay Sample on Master Harold and the Boys by Athol Fugard

Analytical Essay Sample on Master Harold and the Boys by Athol Fugard The play Master Harold and the Boys, by Athol Fugard, illustrates life in South Africa under the apartheid rule. It would mean nothing has been learnt in here this afternoon, and there was a hell of a lot of teaching going on one way or the other, (p.59) quoted by the Black servant Sam, demonstrates the differences in mentality, opinion and social relationship the inferior Black racial group held compared with the dominant White race. Racial prejudice was very common and constantly relevant during apartheid rule. The consequences were enormous for the Black society, who were basically kept in prison on native land. The Whites determined their lives, educated and passed down laws for Blacks. Thus the relationship between the two controversial racial groups in most cases was not very good, because life of a Black native South African was oppressed. The three most significant characters of the play are Master Harold, member of the White race and also referred to as Hally, secondly the B lack Sam and thirdly also a Black servant named Willy. Both Sam and Willy are servants working for Harolds family. The relationship between Hally and his servants, Hallys childhood experience, White mentality towards Black society and true friendship will be discussed throughout the following paragraphs. The typical relationship between a Black and a White during apartheid rule was very distant. The Whites were the dominant people, acting as masters while the Blacks were seen as naturally inferior and thus were oppressed. The relationship between Hally and Sam, however, does not follow the typical pattern. Their relationship is a more friendly and open one. Sam, unlike his colleague Willy who calls Hallly Master Harold, refers to the White teenager simply as Hally. This was obviously not very common during apartheid rule, with most Blacks finding themselves in the same position as Willy. Like most Blacks Sam is uneducated. However, he is interested in learning and gains his personal education from Hallys textbooks which he brings home after school. Their friendly relationship can be exemplified by their dialog held throughout various educational topics and world significant figures (p. 16-24). Throughout this dialog both Sam and Hally set forward arguments trying to check the other and both characters succeed in winning over one argument over the other person. This illustrates their friendship, because Hally accepts SamÐ ¢s choice of Alexander Fleming as a man of magnitude. First of all, most Blacks would probably never know who Alexander Fleming was and his significance in contribution to medical advancements and secondly at all it was through Hally that Sam gained such knowledge. This example underlines the significant difference in communication relevant in Sam and Hallys relationship compared to other White-Black relationships during apartheid rule. Throughout his childhood, Hally spent a lot of time at the servants quarter after school when he was bored or when his parents did not have time to occupy themselves with him. Also, he used to hide there from his mother. At the servants quarter, both Sam and Willy used to occupy themselves with Hally, entertain and play games with him. During this time the three experienced many things together, such as their interest in boxing, dancing, and checker games. Hally enthusiastically recalls this period and describes the environment in great detail. This underlines the fact that Hally did enjoy the spent time with Sam and Willy. It is given the impression that Hally in reality did not mind having Blacks as friends and did not see them as his familys servants. However, throughout the plot of the play, Hallys attitude takes a change and illustrates the White dominant racial mentality towards the Blacks. The White mentality can best be demonstrated and described by the kite story told (p.28-30). Hally as a young boy once again was spending time in the servants quarter one afternoon when Sam had built him a kite out of a Tomato-box, wood, brown paper, glue made from flour and water and two of his mothers old stockings for a tail. Even though Hally had a brotherly, friendly and open relationship towards Sam, he was embarrassed and concerned about being seen flying this kite built by a Black. His worries were simple. If a kite was built by a White and it didnt fly properly, nobody would say anything. However, if a kite built by a Black failed to rise high up in the sky and fly, White society would criticise the unintelligent Black. It can be assumed that Hally trusted Sam, be he simply did not want to admit it in front of the Whites and risk being embarrassed by his race. However, in the end Hally does choose to fly the kite and overcomes the social barrier dividing the White from the B lack race. This concept becomes more relevant towards the end of the play. Another example illustrating White mentality could be Sams comparison of a beautiful life with a dancer (p. 45). Sam describes his illusion of two champions dancing on the stage, which he considers as a beautiful sight. He says that Blacks simply want their lives to be beautiful, even thought they are aware that reality demonstrates the opposite. Hallys final responds to Sams desire is brutal (p. 51). Hally forces Sam to live in reality and to accept the fact that in reality there are no illusions, since there will always be a dance couple making mistakes and tearing apart the image of a perfect beautiful dance. The plot in the play is followed by a quarrel between Sam and Hally, in which Hally reveals the typical White racial side of his character marked by the society he has grown up. However, even though Hally discriminates against Sam and treats him wrongfully towards the end of the play, Sam reveals himself as a true friend and a fighter for justice. Sams lecture (p. 56-58) confronts Hally with the reality and Sams true friendship is being offered to him. At the end of the day, Sam wanted to prevent Hally from being ashamed of so many things, such as his ill father and in fact of himself. Sam never wanted Hally to be ashamed of himself. The audience or reader is later acquainted with the fact that the bench Hally sat himself on holding Sams kite was a Whites Only bench. As a child Hally was happy sitting on that bench with something giving to him from a Black servant. Later in his life this is no longer the case and that is something Sam had always tried to prevent. Sam brings back peace between Hally and himself by offering him another kite flight and assuring Hally that he will be waiting for him to come back to him whenever he wishes. You dont have to sit up there by yourself. You know what that bench means now, and you can leave it at any time you choose. All youve got to do is stand up and walk away from it, (p. 60). This illustrates the idea that Hally in reality cannot be categorised as a member of the Whites Only group. Hally does respect Sam, who as a Black man at the end of the day has taught the White boy a lesson. In conclusion, Master Harold and the boys, by Athol Fugard illustrates different concepts and discusses several themes relevant throughout the apartheid rule. The author illustrates the Black society in a different light than the common categorisation made by the dominant White group. This is done through the illustration of a Black-White friendship led by Hally and Sam, which however is somewhat marked by prejudice from the White side. However, in the end it is the White who has learnt a lesson from the Black, contradicting the usual constellation that Blacks are educated by Whites.

Religion in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion in the Workplace - Essay Example As such, practitioners of Buddhism are calm, positive, and centered, especially during stressful incidents or moments that people would normally respond to with anger. In the workplace, Buddhism can bring about numerous positive experiences for both an individual and anyone who happens to communicate with that individual. As in any workplace, stress levels and tempers tend to be high; indeed, it can almost be considered proper workplace conduct to tread with caution around one’s boss or supervisor for fear of upsetting them or getting on their bad side. Someone who follows the practices and tenets of Buddhism will find it easier to respond to people that often let situations, and thus their emotions, get the better of them. Even during a crisis, a Buddhist is able to remain calm and rational. While in the workplace, they can use these practices to help keep a clear mind so that they may focus on their work and not on the negativity that surrounds them.

HYPOTHETICAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HYPOTHETICAL - Essay Example The partnership act of 1891, section five, defines partnership as a business organization formed by two or more people for the purposes of making a profit. According to the act, there must be involved, for the purposes of conducting the business as a joint venture. There must be obligations between the partners and sharing of profits among them determines partnership. In the case of Canny Gabriel Castle Jackson Advertising (pty) ltd vs. Volume Sales Finance (pty), (1974) 131 CLR 321, the high court ruled that for there to be a partnership, sharing of profits and loses must occur, and an organized structure of operation must be proved (Higgins and Victoria, 1970). In the above scenario, there is partnership between Henry and Angus. This is because the two agreed to form the business as a joint venture and they share profits together. This satisfies the requirements of the partnership act, section 6(c) and section 5 (1). In section 6, sub section c, it states that a partner is considered in a partnership if he has a stake in the earnings and section 5 subsection 1, identifies a partnership as a relationship between two consenting parties aimed at making profits. Under the law, Lorenzo cannot be considered a partner of the business entity. This is outlined in the partnership act, section 6 subsection c (v1). The law states that a person receiving annuity from the business by selling the persons goodwill is not by reason a partner in the business. This section disqualifies Lorenzo from being a partner of the firm since he does not share in the profits of the business. Even though his name is on the business, it acts as goodwill and it does not necessarily make him a partner. From the above analysis, the partners of the business are Henry and Angus, and FRSPL should look at various legal mechanisms of recovering their debts from the